Martin Luther Kings Last Speech

Martin Luther Kings Last Speech Acquaintance â€Å"I have been with the mountain† was Martin Luther King’s last discourse before he was killed. In this discourse, King targets keeping up activity by empowering the social liberties activists to keep battling for racial fairness. He utilizes scriptural references to pass his message across to the individuals. He says that simply like the scriptural Jews who endured in the wild, however their relatives at last arrived at the Promised Land, so will the relatives of the individuals of color in the United States.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Martin Luther Kings Last Speech explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More King rallies the individuals to continue battling for their privileges and never to surrender. He alludes to the numerous triumphs the developments have had up until now. He understood this was the best strategy to urge the individuals to ensure that dissatisfaction doesn't overpower optimism. He contrasted past occasions and with make ends that all will be well later on. On most events he utilizes the book of scriptures, for example, he thinks about the Jews slaves who were oppressed in Egypt, yet because of their determination, they lived until they were discharged and in the long run arrived at the Promised Land, to the dark slaves in America whom he accepted would likewise at long last be free. This was his focal case, which really comes out plainly in this line â€Å"I need you to know today around evening time that we as a people will get to the Promised Land† (King 1). This served to empower the social liberties activists to utilize exemplary nature in their battle for balance. In this discourse King was talking legitimately to the sanitation laborers who were striking in Memphis, yet his goal was to arrive at all African Americans to urge them to energize behind the development with the goal that they can accomplish their social equality. He utilizes numerous past occasions to help this case. For example, he utilizes past endeavors to delineate a portion of the social liberties triumphs. Among them are the protests that occurred in North Carolina, the opportunity rides that were seen in the South, the Negro activism in states like Georgia, Albany, Alabama, and Birmingham, and furthermore the numerous supporters who trooped to capital in 1963 to take an interest in the showing in which King gave his â€Å"I have a dream† discourse. He additionally utilized those battling bad form in Memphis, Alabama, and Selma to help his case (King 1). Ruler utilizes his rhetoric aptitudes in this discourse to make a job of extremist to be played by his crowd by retelling bravery stories before and guaranteeing them that they will in the end succeed even without him around. He utilizes a prevalent relationship with the crowd by utilizing numerous individual models in supporting his case. This caused the individuals to understand that he was a big cheese to them. The job of prophet that he gives himself causes individuals to have confidence in each word that come out of his mouth.Advertising Looking for article on political theories? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When he says â€Å"I need to express gratitude toward God again for permitting me to be here with you† (King 1), he draws out the possibility that he is picked by God to convey his kin from hopelessness. He utilizes brushes with death that he has experienced to paint himself as an individual who has been tried and picked. He likewise rises as a visionary when he guarantees that he has been on the highest point of the mountain and has seen the Promised Land (King 1). Lord utilizes an efficient ordered structure that he deliberately implants with regards to the time. He ventures out back to allude to the early accomplishments of the development in the beginning of the 1960s and works his path efficiently to the pres ent and finishes up the discourse with a visionary investigate the future ahead. By utilizing this structure, King had the option to revive energy in his crowd by helping them to remember their conditions and urging them to consistently remember their present difficulties (King 1). To put it plainly, King claims that the endeavors of the social liberties development will come to manage natural product. He demonstrates this by imparting his fantasy to the individuals. Having accepted a prophetic figure, he didn't require a lot of confirmation to reinforce his message despite the fact that he has refered to a couple. His message was a modest supplication for fairness not an interest by blacks that could make dread in the white populace. This is appeared by his differentiating case of the dark ladies who endeavored to murder him and that of the little white young lady who respected him. Work Cited King Martin. Ive Been to the Mountaintop. American Rhetoric, 1968. Web. https://americanr hetoric.com/addresses/mlkivebeentothemountaintop.htm

Facility Planning Part I

Office Planning-Part l When making arrangements to fabricate or remodel a heath care office there are a great deal of things that must be mulled over. The main thing to begin with is the network. The organizer must assess the network to discover what sort of network the office is situated in and if the office is serving the necessities of the network. This paper will investigate a network in on the south side of Chicago and the new advancement of a drawn out consideration office in the network. It will talk about the community’s requirement for the drawn out consideration office. It will talk about the sort of populace the drawn out consideration office serves. It will likewise give a portrayal of the drawn out consideration office serving the more seasoned grown-ups in the network. Roseland is an enormous network situated on the south side of Chicago, Illinois. It is a blended network all things considered and ages. For the more seasoned grown-ups it's anything but a network for them to live alone in. The people group is thriving with young people and with the adolescents came an ascent in wrongdoing. Medications and viciousness is running fast, in any case, the more established grown-ups don’t need to leave their homes, their locale, their known environmental factors. Likewise influencing the network is the economy. With property charges and the typical cost for basic items on the ascent, it is a battle for the more established grown-ups to keep up their independents. With these things coming against the maturing grown-ups, there came the need to put the maturing grown-ups some spot sheltered and reasonable without removed them from the network. This need lead to the advancement of a strong living network. There are in excess of 60 long haul care choices. These administrations are isolated into nine classifications. Strong living, additionally called helped living, falls under the Housing classification. Autonomous lodging, proceeding with care retirement network, and gathering lodging additionally falls under the Housing class of long haul care choices. Strong living administrations were extraordinarily produced for more established grown-ups who can't work without assistance and thusly can't be aided a private consideration or retirement-living office. The expense for living in a strong living network expenses can extend somewhere in the range of $2,000 and $2,000, contingent upon the room size and conveniences. There is an extra charge for clinical administrations. This is the ideal help for more established grown-ups who need help however don’t require 24 hour checking or help. It is additionally ideal for the more seasoned grown-up who can’t bear to live on their own as a result of the average cost for basic items. Triumph Center of Roseland is a Supportive Living Community by Pathway Senior Living. Triumph Center of Roseland is for those needing some help with the exercises of every day living. This office has private studios with an occupant call framework and a stage in shower. The staff gives three day by day dinners, medicine the board, housekeeping and clothing week by week, wellbeing programs, planned outings and exercises, routine upkeep, all utilities aside from telephone, link, and web, lounge room with chimney, library, a lounge area for family and private social events, yard garden with porch, network live with 50† TV, create live with showing kitchen, magnificence/hairstyling parlor, and a bathtique with whirlpool. It is additionally pet inviting. Making arrangements to remodel or fabricate an office takes a great deal of work and arranging. One of the fundamental contemplations is to investigate the network and the necessities of the individuals in the network. On the south side of Chicago, Illinois the Roseland people group wanted to set up a steady living for the more seasoned grown-ups who live there. Out of this need came the advancement of Victory Center of Roseland. Created by Pathway Senior Living, this office gives a protected, moderate spot for the more established grown-ups to live without living their locale. This office offers the solace of home alongside giving friendship and the security of 24-hour staffing, or help with life’s day by day undertakings. This people group has everything a more seasoned grown-up necessities to appreciate every day of their life without limit. It is strategically placed close to shopping, clinical workplaces, and transportation. This park-like ground, serenely outfitted network gives a safe house from the hurrying around of the city in the city.

7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft Fees

7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft Fees 7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft Fees 7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft FeesWhile there arent any ways to escape overdraft fees altogether (even if you opt out of overdraft protection) there are still many ways to keep them at bay.There are a lot of things you can do that will hurt your long-term financial outlook, like making weekly visits to the casino or investing in your cousin’s new business idea. (Uber for hot air balloons? Sure, Darryl.)But while racking up overdraft fees on your checking account is a bit more on the mundane side, it could end up doing just as much financial damage as any ill-timed family investment.Overdraft fees are most commonly created when people forget how much a bunch of small purchases can really add up,” said Shane Walker, Shane Walker, executive VP and CMO at  ProActive FinTech LLC. A zip through the drive-thru, a stop for milk and bread, some gas in the tankâ€"and suddenly, the bank account is hovering just above zero. And you might not even realize it.”With an average overdraft fee of $3 0, overspending your available funds is not a mistake you want to make. How a $15 meal can cost you $120.One of the dangerous things about overdraft fees is that they aren’t a one-time thing. Once you’ve overdrawn your accountâ€"and been hit with that initial feeâ€"every subsequent withdrawal or debit card purchase will result in a brand new charge.As a result, the bill can add up really fast.Licensed CPA  Riley Adams (@TheRiles89) shared this story from his college of how overdraft fees took a few small financial mistakes and very nearly turned them into a major money headache:“I recall an unfortunate event with my brother going to McDonald’s after class. My brother didn’t want food when we got there so I ordered myself some food and incurred (without my knowing) an overdraft fee. That $5 combo meal turned into $40.“After my brother saw my food, he got hungry and wanted to order something as well. His $5 meal also cost me $40 when the fee was included. And if it wasn’ t bad enough, when we both finished, we ordered dessert.“You can guess what happened. Three overdraft fees plus $15 worth of food was outrageous.That’s awful! Luckily, Adams’ tale of overdraft fee-induced woe has a happy ending.“Fortunately, we contacted the bank explaining we didn’t know we were overdrafting because my direct deposit paycheck was delayed that week. After clearing this up, thankfully, they waived the fees, he explained.While calling your financial institution post-mistake is always a good idea, you shouldn’t make that your go-to overdraft avoidance strategy. In order to kiss these ridiculously expensive fees goodbye. we recommend you try one (or more!) of the following seven methods.1. Use an overdraft line of credit.Adams went on to say that he rectified the situation by adding an overdraft line of credit to his account to ward off future overdraft fees. This is a product that, in essence, loans your account to cover the overdrawn funds until you can de posit more money in your account.While you’ll owe interest on any funds that are drawn from this line of credit, the rates you’ll pay will be much lower than the corresponding rates for an overdraft fee. Adams’ $120 meal, for instance, carried an interest rate of 700 percent.“It turned out to be a much less costly way to bank than hoping not to get hit with overdraft fees. Many banks have begun to offer this service and I know I’m glad I have mine, he said.2. Link an emergency fund savings account.If you can save up a little bit of money, its a good idea to link up a savings account as a form of overdraft protection. While you’ll still incur a small charge for the transfer, you won’t have to pay any interest on the transferred funds.“Setup an emergency funds savings account,” said Pete Longo, VP of Digital Banking at  Axiom Bank, N.A. (@axiombank). Do not make this your main long-term savings account but instead an account where you  set aside some emergency funds each payday. Even a small amount such as $5 can build up with proper budgeting over time.“From here you can choose to link this account to your checking account for overdraft protection if your bank offers it.  This will minimize or eliminate fees in the event of a mistake where overspending occurs.”You’ll still want to take additional steps to avoid overdrawing your account, but this is a much better emergency fallback option than an overdraft fee. You’ll also want to make sure you keep that emergency fund well-stocked, otherwise, you’ll find yourself right back where you started.3. Make a budget.Of course, the best way to avoid overdrawing your account and incurring all those extra fees is to keep track of your money! And to do that, you’re first going to need a budget.“Create a budget at the beginning of the month,” advised money blogger Yaz Purnell of  The Wallet Moth (@thewalletmoth). “Set aside money for your rent/mortgage, bills, transport, groceries, leisu re/hobbies, and any other monthly costs you incur. Simply having an idea of what money needs to go where is your first step to avoiding accidentally overdrawing your account.”Not sure how to go about building a budget? No worries! Just check this  OppLoans Guide for first-time budgeters, complete with a free budgeting spreadsheet to help you get started!4. Get a money tracker.Creating your first budget is a huge step in the right direction. But once you’ve got that in place, you’ll still need a way to keep track of your spending. That’s why Purnell recommends using a money tracking app.“There are so many free money trackers out there, from Mint to Yolt, that can be easily installed as an app on your phone to track your income and outgoings,” she said. “Download a money tracker and get into the habit of checking your outgoings on a daily basis so that you always have a good idea of how much you can afford.You might even have a money tracker right there in your checking account!“Many banks offer this to customers in their online or mobile banking, said Longo. “If your bank does not offer it and you do not want to switch banks than look into a free alternative by searching online for personal financial management.5. Set up bank notifications.Sometimes, folks will knowingly overdraw their account because they feel that they have no other choice but accept the fee. But many others simply don’t keep track of their checking account balance and incur overdraft fees on accident!A great way to avoid the latter is to set up notifications on that checking account that will alert you when your balance is getting low.“Utilize your bank’s real-time notification system in your online/mobile banking,” advised Longo. “Setup notifications to be sent to your smartphone or email when your checking account balance falls below a set balance (i.e $25).“This will give you a friendly warning when your funds might be a little too close for comfort and poten tially stop you from accidentally ‘overspending’.”6. Use multiple bank accounts.If you’re like a lot of people, then you probably only have one checking account that you use for everything. But have you ever considered using multiple checking accounts for different expenses? Doing so could be the key to avoiding overdrafts.“For larger monthly bills, like your rent and electric, set up a separate bank account and regularly add money to it. Enough to cover those bills, on time, every month” said Walker. The key is to only pay your larger bills from that account, like your utilities and mortgage.“By keeping a separate account from your everyday spending, you arent dwindling down your balance with daily expenses. The money for those large bills is safe and ready when needed. The average household should have less than 10 payments going out of that account per month, making the math easy.”In a similar fashion, Walker also recommended purchasing gift cards to use on your w eekly in place of a debit card.“Gift cards have a hard limit that cannot be exceeded and you cannot incur overdrafts on them,” he said. “You can get gift cards for gas, groceries, restaurants and more. They even have them for most major cell phone providers.”7. Don’t opt-in. (And if you have, then opt-out.)In the end, there is only one way to avoid overdraft fees altogether … and even that option won’t work in certain circumstances!If you are already at a bank that you are comfortable with visiting a branch and discussing “opting-out” of overdraft privileges on your checking account’s debit card. This will make it so your debit card will simply be declined if at the point of sale and there are not enough funds available,” said Longo.But even opting out won’t work all the time.One thing many people do not understand is that even if you do not opt-in for overdraft, you can still get an overdraft fee,” said Adam Rust, Director of the consumer rights non-profit  WiseWage.org (@WiseWage).“The bank only allows you to opt-out of transactions where they can verify good funds prior to approval. If you write a check, they will charge you an overdraft fee and pay the bill or decline to pay and charge an insufficient funds fee.”And make sure you keep track of your automatic bill and subscriptions!“Important reminder that your account can still be overdrawn in this scenario if you have recurring bills setups such as Netflix or a gym membership as opting out cannot prevent these preauthorized charges from coming through” warned Longo.Overdraft fees vs. bad credit loans.Bad credit loans are way more expensive than regular  personal loans. And while the rates for some bad credit  installment loans can be fairly reasonable, the annual rates for  no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances  can be beyond ridiculous.Even so, when compared to overdraft fees, the cost of those no credit c heck loans can seem downright reasonable.According to a 2014 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau study on overdraft fees, the average overdraft transaction was $24, the median overdraft fee was $34, and most of those fees were paid back within three days.To compare: If someone borrowed paid $34 to borrow $24 over three days with a no credit check loan, that would add up to an APR of 17,000 percent!While bad credit loans pale in comparison to the overdraft alternatives listed above, you might actually be better off using a bad credit installment loan to cover an unexpected bill or financial shortfall than you would be using overdraft fees.If youre living paycheck to paycheck, there simply isn’t a way to completely escape overdraft fees. Thats why your best solution is to stop living one pay period at a time. And that means building a budget and increasing your savings. To learn more about how you can take control of your  financial future, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsSave More Money with These 40 Expert Tips10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsRiley Adams (@TheRiles89) is a licensed CPA in the state of Louisiana working as a Senior Financial Analyst for a Fortune 500 company in New Orleans. He has a personal finance blog dedicated to helping young professionals find financial independence at YoungAndTheInvested.com.Pete Longo is the Vice President of Digital Banking at  Axiom Bank, N.A. (@axiombank), a Maitland-based, leading community bank. He has more than a decade of experience in banking, business development and financial software vendor management. Pete graduated with a degree in business management and an MBA from Stetson University.Yaz Purnell  (@thewalletmoth) is the founder of  The Wallet Moth, a personal finance blog that focuses on sustainable changes anyone can make to create your dream lifestyle.Adam  Rust  is the Director of Research at Reinvestment Partners   (@ReinvestPartner) and the Director of WiseWage.org (@WiseWage). He advocates for an  inclusive financial system. WiseWage has enabled thousands of workers to manage their finances with safe and affordable accounts overdraft-fee-free accounts. At Reinvestment Partners, he has pursued campaigns related to payday lending, basic bank accounts, overdraft fees, high-cost credit insurance, and home mortgage lending. He is an Interim Board Member of the US Faster Payments Council.Shane Walker is  the executive VP CMO at ProActive FinTech LLC. He  gives people better control of their finances by digitizing the successful concept of the envelope system for budgeting. At ProActive Budget, theyve  combined the modern convenience of a debit card with the proven budgeting system of using envelopes.  It works because it requires a person to consult their budget before they spend. It changes the behavior of spending money.

Direct effect of European Community regulations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2571 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Community Essay Did you like this example? 1) The matter at issue include: (a) direct effect of European Community (EC) regulations; (b) direct effect of EC directives; and (b) the principle of state liability. (a) Direct Effect of Regulations Article 249 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (TEC) state: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a regulation shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Direct effect of European Community regulations" essay for you Create order Thus, a regulation does not have to be implemented by Member States through national legislation for it to be applicable in those states. However, citizens of Member States would be able to directly enforce a regulation in national courts if it satisfies certain conditions, namely, it must be sufficiently precise and unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation[1]. It has been established that citizens of Member States may bring an action against a state or an emanation of a state[2] in national court if that public authority is in breach of such a regulation[3]. This is known as vertical direct effect. Additionally, citizens could bring an action against private individuals in national courts for breach of a regulation[4]. This is known a horizontal direct effect. Considering the facts of the case it seems that the (imaginary) Regulation is directly applicable in the UK courts because it is a Community regulation. Furthermore, it is directly effective in the UK courts because the implementation of the amount of damages recoverable by occupiers of commercial premises who have been physically injured due to mercury contamination of their land does not depend on any conditions; and the rules for determining the amount of damages are sufficiently precise because it would be based on the rules that govern other personal injury claims in the UK. Thus, Martin could bring an action against his local authority. However, such an action is unlikely to succeed because there does not seem to be any breach of the Regulation by any local authority. But Martin could bring an action against Acme Chemicals. Since Martin suffered physically injury from mercury poisoning as a result of mercury leaking from the land of Acme Chemical, there seems to be a breach of the Regulation and thus he would be quite likely to succeed if he brought the action. Thus, it is submitted that Martin would not be likely to succeed if he brings an action against his local a uthority but he would be likely to succeed if he brings an action against Acme Chemicals Ltd. (b) Vertical Direct Effect of Directives Article 249 of the TEC state that directives are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bindingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦upon each member state to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The fact that directives are not described as directly applicable does not mean that are incapable of such effects and it has been held that directives could be capable of direct effect[5]. A directive would be directly applicable if it satisfies the criteria for direct effect: it must be sufficiently precise and unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation[6]. As long as a directive limits the discretionary powers conferred on member states, it would be deemed to be sufficiently clear[7]. And the obligations imposed by that directive would become unconditional, i.e., absolute, once the time limit for i ts implementation has expired[8]. Thus, if a directive is directly effective then a citizen could bring an action against a public authority for breach of its Community obligations[9]. Moreover, it has been established that an individual cannot enforce a directive against an individual (corporate or otherwise) in the national courts because directive do not have horizontal direct effect.[10] Considering the facts of the case it seems that Martin would be able to enforce the imaginary Directive in the UK courts because it limits the power of the UK by postulating a stipulated amount of damages and by providing strict liability against those who cause injuries due to mercury leaking from their land; and because the Directive had not been implemented by 25 March 2006. Thus, it is submitted that Martin is could bring an action against a public authority for breach of its obligations under the imaginary Directive. However, Martin would be unlikely to succeed because there does not seem to be a breach of any obligation under the Directive by any public authority. Moreover, Martin would not be able to bring an action against Acme Chemicals Ltd because it is a private entity. (b) State Liability The ECJ has established that where a state failed to implement an EC directive it would be obliged to compensate individuals for damages suffered as a result of its failure to implement the directive if: (i) the directive involved conferred rights on individuals; (ii) there was a sufficiently serious breach; and (iii) there was a casual link between the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the directive and the damage suffered by the persons affected[11]. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"decisive testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or whether a breach is sufficiently serious is whether the institution has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"manifestly and gravely exceeded the limits of its discretionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12]. The factors a courts should take into account in assessing this include: the clar ity and the precision of the rules breached, the measure of discretion left by the rule to the national or Community authorities, whether the infringement and the damage caused was intentional or voluntary, whether any error of law was excusable or inexcusable, the fact that the position taken by a community institution may have contributed towards the omission, and the adoption or retention of national measures or practices contrary to Community lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[13]. The critical element in this list seems to be the clarity and the precision of the rule breached[14]. Furthermore, it seems that in the context of the transposition of directives, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a restrictive approach to State liability is justified to ensure that the exercise of legislative function is not hindered by the prospect of actions for damages whenever the general interest requires the institutions or Member States to adopt measures which may adversely affect individual interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[15]. However, it should be noted that the ECJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach is not consistent and in some cases a clear breach of community law would be sufficiently serious to establish state liability[16]. Considering the facts of the case it seems that Martin could bring an action against the UK for failing to implement the imaginary directive because: The directive conferred upon individuals who suffered injuries from mercury poisoning the right to bring an action in tort on strict liability theory against those persons from whose land the mercury escaped. There seems to be a sufficient serious breach because the failure of the UK government to implement the directive manifestly exceeds the limits of its discretion. The directive clearly imposes strict liability on individuals if mercury leaks from their land and injuries someone, and states a minimum level of compensation (150,000 Euro). Even though the UK law is identical to the rule in the directive, the courts may find that there was a serious breach because the UK law does not provide a minimum level of compensation. The restrictive approach of state liability may not be applicable here because the UK has not adopted any measure that could provide a minimum level of compensation for injured parties. Additionally, the courts may find the UK responsible on the ground that they had failed to implement Community legislation. However, there does not seem to be any direct causal link between Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physical injuries and the UK Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the Directive because the Directive could not have prevented Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s injuries. Nevertheless, Martin could argue that if the directive had been implemented Acme Chemicals would have been more careful about mercury leakages which could have prevented his injury. However, it is submitted that the courts would be unlikely to accept this line of reasoning. In conclusion it is submitted that it is quite unlikely that Martin would be able to succeed if he brings an action for damages against the state for failing to implement the Directive because there does not seem to be a causal link between the breach and the injury suffered by Martin. However, Martin would still be able to bring an action against Acme Chemicals under English tort law. 2) The matter at issue includes grounds for direct action for annulment. Action for Annulment The framework for direct action for annulment is set out in Article 230 of the TEC. This Article grants jurisdiction to the ECJ to review the legality of all measures taken by the institutions designed to have legal effect, whatever their form or nature[17]. Thus, a decision made by the Commission is capable of annulment under to Article 230. Furthermore, Article 230 states that a natural or legal person would only have locus standi to challenge a decision addressed to himself or herself. However, t he decision has to be challenged within two months of its publication or notification to the plaintiff. If the two month time-limit expires a claimant cannot seek to challenge a measure by the back door, either by invoking Article 241[18] or by alleging a failure to act when the institution concerned refuses to take requested action. Once the courts have decided that the claim is admissible, the case will be decided on he merits. The grounds for annulment are delineated in Article 230. These are: (i) lack of competence; (ii) infringement of an essential procedural requirement; (iii) infringement of the Treaty or any rule of law relating to its applications; and (iii) misuse of powers. A claim based on lack of competence may be brought before the ECJ if the institution responsible for adopting the measure in question did not have the legal authority to do so. A claim based on infringement of procedural requirement would arise if the binding measure was not enacted accordi ng to the correct procedure. The correct procedures may be stated in the TEC or secondary legislation. For example, Article 253 of the TEC requires that all secondary legislation must state the reasons on which it is based; and must refer to proposals and opinions which were required to be obtained. It has been established that these reasons must not be too vague or inconsistent; they must be coherent; they must mention the figures and essential facts on which they rely. These reasons must be adequate to indicate the conscientiousness of the decision; and detailed enough to be scrutinised by the court[19]. The purpose of this requirement is to enable the affected parties to defend their rights and to enable the Court to exercise its supervisory jurisdiction. An action for annulment could also arise if the measure is in breach of general principles of law approved by the ECJ (e.g. equality, proportionality), any principle common to the constitution of Member States[20], and princi ples of international treaties in the field of human rights on which Member States have collaborated[21]. Finally, a measure could be annulled for misuse of power, i.e., use of a power for purposes other those for which it was granted. But a measure will not be annulled for misuse of power if the improper use had no effect on its substance; or it the authorities acted from mixed motives, proper and improper, as long the proper purpose is dominant[22]. Considering the facts of the case, and assuming that the two month time-limit has not expired, it seems that Mediflair would be able to make a direct action for annulment because it was specifically mentioned in the decision. Thus, a claim for an action for annulment would be admissible to the Court. It seems that the Commission may not have exceeded its legal competence because the Commission has the legal authority to make decisions which affect the European market. Since working hours and employment law issues are important aspects of any economy the Decision to reduce doctorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s working hours would be within its legal competence. Additionally, the decision does not seem to be in breach of any rule of law because it seems to be consistent with general principles of law, and international human rights law. Finally, it does not seem to be a misuse of power because there does not seem to be any evidence of improper motives. However, the decision could be challenged on the grounds of procedural impropriety because the Commission did not provide a detailed and thorough reasoning for the decision to reduce the working hours for doctors in private companies from fifty hours to forty hours. Since the Commission did not submit any facts or figures in support of its decision, it would be considered vague; and thus make it impossible for Mediflair to defend its rights. Therefore, it is submitted that Mediflair would be able to challenge the decision and bring proceedings for annulment on the gr ounds of infringement of essential procedural requirements. In conclusion, it is submitted that Mediflair would most likely be able to bring an action for annulment of the decision to decrease the working hours of doctors in the private sector and would be very likely to succeed. Bibliography Conventions Treaty of the European Community Cases Brasserie du PÃÆ' ªcheur SA v Germany (Cases C-46 48/93) [1996] I-1029 Commission v Belgium (Case 156/77) Commission v Council (Re Europe Raod Transport Agreement) (Case 22/70) Courage Ltd v Crehan (C453/99) [2001] E.C.R. I-6297 (Westlaw) Foster and Others v. British Gas Plc (Cases 188-89). Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases C-6 9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Germany v Commission (Re Tariff Quotas on Wine) (Case 24/62) Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH (Case 11/70) J Nold KG v Commission (Case 4/73) Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (C271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 (Westlaw). P ublico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (Case 148/78) ECR 1269 R v Her Majestyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc (Cases C-392/93) R v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hendley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd (Case C-5/94) Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337 1 Footnotes [1] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (Case 148/78) ECR 1269 para 23. [2] Emanation of a State includes a body which is under the control of the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: reports to a minister who may give it directions as to its management and activities, has general control over its finances and may require it to pay over to him any of the bodys revenue which appears to him to be surplus to its requirements. See Foster and Others v. British Gas Plc (Cases 188-89). [3] See Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (C271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 (Westlaw). [4] See Courage Ltd v Crehan (C453/99) [2001] E.C.R. I-6297 (Westlaw). [5] See Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337, para 12. [6] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti, supra note1, para 23. [7] See Van Duyn v Home Office, supra note 5. [8] See Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti, supra note 1 at para 43. [9] See Foster v British Gas, supra note 2. [10] See Marshall v. Southampton an d South West Hampshire AHA supra note 3. [11] See Brasserie du PÃÆ' ªcheur SA v Germany (Cases C-46 48/93) [1996] I-1029 para 50 and 51, see also Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases C-6 9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 para 40. [12] Ibid. at para 55. [13] Ibid. at para 56. [14] See for example, R v Her Majestyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc (Cases C-392/93). [15] Ibid. at para 40. [16] See R v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hendley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd (Case C-5/94). [17] Commission v Council (Re Europe Raod Transport Agreement) (Case 22/70). [18] See Commission v Belgium (Case 156/77). [19] See Germany v Commission (Re Tariff Quotas on Wine) (Case 24/62). [20] See Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH (Case 11/70). [21] See J Nold KG v Commission (Case 4/73). [22] See Federation CharbonniÃÆ' ¨re de Belgique v High Authority (Case 8/55).

Aldebaran, the Fiery Orange-Red Eye of a Starry Bull

Behind every star in the sky is a fascinating origin tale. Just as the Sun does, they shine by burning fuel in their cores and giving off light. And, like the Sun, many have their planets. All were born in a cloud of gas and dust millions or billions of years ago. And, eventually, all stars grow old and evolve. Thats whats happening to Aldebaran, a star that is practically a neighbor to our own star, the Sun, at 65 light-years distance. Youve probably seen Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus (which is visible to us at night from about October through March each year). Its the reddish-orange star at the top of the V-shaped face of the Bull. Observers in ancient times saw it as many things. The name Aldebaran is from the Arabic word for follower, and it does seem to follow along as the Pleiades star cluster rises higher in the sky late in the year. For the Greeks and Romans it was the eye or the heart of the bull. In India, it represented an astronomical house, and portrayed it a deitys daughter. Others around the world have associated it with the season to come, or even as an aid to the Pleiades (who, in some cultures, were seven women in the sky).   Observing Aldebaran The star itself is fairly easy to spot, particularly beginning in the evening skies of October each year. It also presents a remarkable  experience for skygazers patient enough to wait for it: an occultation. Aldebaran lies close to the ecliptic, which is the imaginary line along which the planets and Moon appear to move as seen from Earth. Occasionally, the Moon will slide between Earth and Aldebaran, essentially occulting it. The event is visible from northern hemisphere locations in the early autumn. Observers with a keen interest in watching it happen  through a telescope can see a detailed  view of the lunar surface  as the star slips slowly behind the Moon and then reappear a short time later. Why Is it in a Vee of Stars? Aldebaran looks like its part of a cluster of stars called the Hyades. This is a V-shaped moving association of stars that lies much farther away from us than Aldebaran does, at a distance of about 153 light-years. Aldebaran happens to lie in the line of sight between Earth and the cluster, so it appears to be part of the cluster. The Hyades themselves are fairly young stars, about 600 million years old. Theyre moving together through the galaxy and in a billion years or so, the stars will have evolved and grown older and scattered apart from each other. Aldebaran will have moved from its position, too, so future observers will no longer see an angry red eye at the top of a vee-shaped swarm of stars. What is Aldebarans Status? Technically speaking Aldebaran is a star that has stopped fusing hydrogen in its core (all stars do this at some point in their lives)  and is now fusing it in a shell of plasma surrounding the core. The core itself is made of helium and collapsed in on itself, sending the temperature and pressure soaring. That heats up the outer layers, causing them to swell. Aldebaran has puffed out so much that its now nearly 45 times the size of the Sun, and is now a red giant. It varies slightly in its brightness, and is slowly blowing its mass out to space. Aldebarans Future In the very distant future, Aldebaran may experience something called a helium flash in its future. This will happen if the core (which is made of helium atoms) gets so densely packed that helium starts trying to fuse to make carbon. The temperature of the core has to be at least 100,000,000 degrees before this will happen, and when it gets that hot, almost all the helium will fuse at once, in a flash. After that, Aldebaran will start to cool and shrink, losing its red giant status. The outer layers of the atmosphere will puff away, forming a glowing cloud of gas that astronomers refer to as a planetary nebula. This wont happen any time soon, but when it does, Aldebaran will, for a short time, glow even more brightly than it does now. Then, it will dim down, and fade slowly away.

Bunker Gear Fabric Free Essays

Bunker gear or turnout gear is the protective clothing used by a firefighter in fighting fires and during rescue operations. This gear is called turnouts because when not being used, they are kept standing by to be put on swiftly by ‘turning out’ the pants over the boots. It is a requirement for firefighters to be able to put on all of the gear in no time, and in this set up, all they have to do is to step into the boots and pull the pants up. We will write a custom essay sample on Bunker Gear Fabric or any similar topic only for you Order Now This solidly insulated gear is worn to shield the firefighter’s body from the extreme heat of a fire. Approximately, structural turnouts will break down at 650 °C (1200 °F). A full turnout gear may weigh more or less 30kg aside from other extra tools to be carried. It is consisted of â€Å"a coat, pants and suspenders, leather or rubber waterproof boots, a hood, a strong helmet with eye protection, gloves, a belt, and SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus)† (www. sccfd. org). Turnout pants protects the lower part of the firefighter’s body. It is made of fire-resistant materials and they are easy to put on with Velcro and snaps. Turnout pants have side pockets for tools, gloves, and other necessary equipment. In order for the firefighters to be seen at nigh, these pants also have reflective stripes on the bottom. Turnout coat’s outside liner is made of exclusive fire resistant fabrics. The coat has various liners for extra protection. One of these liners acts as a moisture barrier, it prevents outside moisture to reach the firefighter. Another part of the liner protects firefighters from the exposure to thermal heat. Pockets are also available for extra equipment such as gloves, radio, wrenches and other tools. Around its neck is a Nomex hood. Except for the face, it covers practically the entire head of the firefighter. The turnout boots are made of rubber. Aside from steel to covering, these have a steel shank in sole to protect firefighters from sharp or pointed objects. In order to be put on quickly, these boots have handles at the top. Wearing of this protective gear is a requirement for all firefighters approaching a seat of the fire or entering a hazardous area as stated in the NFPA 1971 Code or the Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting. Looking back in history, firefighters’ garment was consisted of a cotton or wool shirt, heavy wool trousers, and a heavy wool tunic, which was sometimes worn over with rubber slickers. Wool was used because of its ability to protect a firefighter from heat and cold, and also because of its resistance to mild flame and water. Their gloves were the traditional leather gloves for laborers. It was only after the World War II when the standards for firefighter protective gears were issued by a number of organizations like the National Fire Protection Association or the NFPA. According to the NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Clothing for Structural Firefighting, turnout gears must be composed of three layers: the outer layer must be made from flame-resistant fabric â€Å"that would not be destroyed through charring, separating, or melting when exposed to 500 °F for a five-minute period;† the second layer must â€Å"prevent moisture from penetrating through to the wearer;† and the third layer must â€Å"provide thermal insulation from radiant, conducted, and convective heat† (http://www. pbs. org). Firefighters’ gloves should also be resistant to heat, flame, liquids, vapor, and sharp objects. The boots should also withstand flame, puncture, heat, electrical current, and abrasion. Further advancements in firefighters’ turnout materials came up during the 80s. The 500 °F temperature resistance limit of the outer shell was raised to around 1,200 °F. The other layer also allowed the firefighters to â€Å"release moisture from inside the gear,† and the material used was a fire-resistant fabric. Being self-extinguishing, this material will not continue to burn once it is out of contact with a fire. Bunker gears are made out of synthetic fibers such as Aramid and Polybenzimidazoles (PBI). These synthetic fibers are polymers. A polymer is a substance with high molecular weight made up of a large number of smaller molecules. These molecules, called monomers, react together in hundreds, or even millions of times. The properties of the polymers are determined by the molecular shape variations that resulted from the reactions. These could be in the form of long, straight chains or branched. It is through their average molecular weight that their sizes are expressed. Polymers with higher molecular weights have the higher strength. They also usually have high melting or boiling points. Filaments made of synthetic polymer fibers have excellent strength because these fibers can be prepared with regular structures that allow the chains to pack together tightly. Another advantage of synthetic polymers is that they are stronger and much lighter than steel, making them the choice for bunker gears and bullet proof vests. Aramids are synthetic polyamides, a class of polymer for textile fibers. It has a carbon-based backbone which contains aromatic rings. Fabrics made of aramids are strong and flame resistant even at extreme temperatures because of the stability of the fiber’s aromatic structures and their conjugated amide linkages. Polyamides are manufactured through step-growth polymerization. In this process, â€Å"monomers with two reactive ends join to form dimers (two â€Å"parts† joined together), then â€Å"trimers† (three â€Å"parts†), and so on. However, since each of the newly formed oligomers (short chains containing only a few parts) also has two reactive ends, they can join together; so a dimer and a trimer would form a pentamer (five repeating â€Å"parts†)† (www. fibersource. com). The aramid fibers, on the other hand, are produced through Wet Spinning process. The fiber-forming materials are dissolved in a solvent, which is usually hydrogen sulfate (H2SO4), and spun using a spinneret. Aside from firefighting gears, aramid fabrics are also useful for friction products such as brake pads, clutch pads or seals and gaskets, because synthetic materials made from this fabric does not ignite or melt. Aramid fibers are also flexible, lightweight, resistant to organic solvents and fuels, and good insulators of electricity. Aramids are more popularly known with the names Kevlar and Nomex. The blend of these two aramids is used in manufacturing turnout gears. How to cite Bunker Gear Fabric, Papers

Pierre

Pierre-Auguste Renoir Biography Pierre Auguste  Renoir   (1841–1919) French painter, born in Limoges. One of the most important of the Impressionists, as a boy he was employed as a painter on porcelain. At Gleyre’s studio in Paris (1861) he met and became friends with *Monet and Sisley. With them he worked in the open air concentrating on the problems of sunlight and its reflection, for example, on water or human flesh. It was with the latter that Renoir showed his special skill and the exuberant delight that his painting gave him and which he always wished to impart. There is no exotic frailty about his nudes: their flesh is rosy and their limbs are muscular. For Renoir, love of painting and a love of life were inseparable. A more sophisticated gaiety is seen in La Loge, Les Parapluies and Au Thà ©atre: la Premià ¨re Sortie. He experimented briefly with pointillism but in general he was a more scholarly painter and more concerned with composition, e.g. his large paintings of Bathers in the 1880s, than many of his contemporary Impressionists. He spent most of his life between Paris and the French countryside and, though his hands were crippled with arthritis, continued to paint in his garden near Cagnes to the time of his death. He achieved a total of 6000 paintings. He was happily married.

Video Analysis Nicki Minaj Beez in the Trap free essay sample

However, this is not the case; at the hands of a female artist, the women are exploited through disrespectful years and Inappropriate physical Interactions with the female artists, while at the same time the producers exploit the women by showing extreme close-ups of their barely-clothed body parts. Viewers listening closely to the words of Bees In The Trap find that the chorus and the majority of the first verse performed by Nick Minas exploit women in a manner like that of most male rappers.The song starts with the chorus and the first line Is, B****sees anti SSH*t and they anti sally nothing, of course the a-word referring the other women in the video. Going Into the first verse, the next few lines imply that he may be bisexual by saying, And if she anti trying to give it up she get dropped off. Let me bust that u-IEEE, b***h bust that open, might spend a couple thou Just to bust that open In translation, Nick Mina] says that if the female doesnt have sex with her, then she is dismissed from her (Nicks) group. We will write a custom essay sample on Video Analysis: Nicki Minaj Beez in the Trap or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A U-IEEE is when someone makes a hard U-turn to follow the very extremely attractive women in the car that Just passed by In the opposite direction. The last few words indicate that the artist Is willing to spend a few thousand dollars on the woman to have sex with her. If an individual were to read these lyrics without hearing the song or watching the video, he or she would think that this artist was a male rapper exploiting women as usual, when in reality it is a female rapper doing the exploiting.Many of the interactions between Nick Mina] and the other women in the video are somewhat homosexual. The women who are In the most scenes with Nick Milan are desperate for attention and are by the artists side at all times when the camera turns on: In other words, these women play the role of groupies. some scenes of the died show her sitting in the VIII section of the club wearing a green wig, a bikini, fanning herself with hundred-dollar bills. She is sitting in between two similarly exotic-looking women and the artist is putting her face and lips very close to theirs. Nick Mina] flirts with each one by making seductive faces at them. In another scene, Knick Milan Is standing between two different women who are bouncing and shaking their buttocks on her. One of the women has on a short spandex dress accenting her large rear end and the other one is wearing thigh-high fishnet stockings and a G- tiring.While they are Jiggling their butt cheeks the artist, with no hesitation, touches and rubs on their buttocks And appears to be enjoying it! In this video Nick Mina] interacts with these women the way that most male rappers interact with the women in their videos. Not only does the artist exploit the women In the video, but the producers and are short clips showing all of the women in barely-there bikinis, six-inch high heels, and their bodies are covered in tattoos. More than half of these short clips consist of extreme-close-ups of the womens buttocks and breasts.One clip during the bridge of the song shows a slow-motion, inappropriately close shot directly into a dancers anus (of course she was wearing a thong so her bare anus wasnt exposed)! Nick Minimas huge rear end and extra-large breasts are a very major part of her appearance, so video producers make that the focus of many of her female extras in her videos. In the business of hip hop music video production, it is no surprise to see a male rapper exploiting women. However, if it is a woman exploiting other women, in the case of Nic k Minimas Bees In The Trap,

Questions and Answers Essays

Questions and Answers Essays Questions and Answers Essay Questions and Answers Essay Tension rose between groups with new and old values primarily due to new technological, social, and political developments such as: development Of assembly line and higher wages gave workers more leisure mime and funding for luxuries previously unattainable for working clansmen; increase of immigrants and African-Americans in the US urban and rural areas led to a scare and an increase in natives in the nation which increased hate crimes such as rise in popularity of the ASK who worked to terrorize African Americans and implemented new anti-elimination acts such as Chinese Exclusion and Gentlemans Agreement both discriminating against immigrants; and introduction of communism internationally had people very cared and thus the Red Scare erupted in the US, to the point where A Mitchell Palmer worked to rid the IIS of communist groups, leading to conviction of over 6000 potential communist influences. Historians have argued that Progressive reform lost momentum in the 1 sass. Evaluate the statement. Progressive reforms showed to die down in the ass following World War l; this is because many issues such as labor and suffrage came to become less and less of a problem. Labor unions were more muted as they were sufficed with their conditions: better working times and wages allowed the working class to rise to middle class and afford certain luxuries they couldnt previously. Suffragists were given the 1 9th amendment, which gave women the right to vote; not only that but in many other parts of the US women had already been given progressively higher authority such as right to run for office. How did advertising, entertainment, and mass production help shape American national culture in the 1 sass? Advertising helped shape IIS culture by contributing to the development of US consumerism, it made it easier to reach the average American with sponsorship from athletes and celebrities at the time, a practice still heavily used in LIST culture today. It became easier to persuade Americans with benefits of products leading to overall higher number of purchases. Entertainment contributed to US cultural development in that the development Of radio and television paved way for new forms of entertainment such as professional sports and radio plays/ shows; introduction of these technological developments in the ass helped lid a more defined pop-culture as music, comedy, drama, sports, and even politics became more accessible to all Americans, which Americans continue to build on to this day. Mass production helped build the American consumerism well known to this day, the development of the assembly line contributed to the ability to produce products with greater ease and speed, leading to flourishing of multiple large industries; mass production helped suffice consumer demand, and not to mention increase it, also contributing to the prevalence of advertising as well.

Enron Scandal Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enron Scandal Case study - Essay Example Basically those businesses prosper that have implemented systems to enhance the faith of the shareholders via transparency, responsibility and fairness (Raghavan, 2010). Carrying out of ethical business conduct would mean accepting and practicing sound corporate governance. The role of auditors is also vital in bringing good corporate governance (Fan & Wong, 2001). The main objective of the study is to identify the facts that led Enron to financial scandal and brought up to the surface a culture of corruption as well as greed. The role of the auditors and the corporate governance in such context will also be studied in adequate detail. The study will try to focus upon the main actor involved in the Enron case, the role of the organisation, the legal context and the prevention strategies that could have been followed in order to stop such fraudulent activities from taking place. Enron Case Enron is one of the best examples of unethical business practices conducted in an organisational context. It had been the seventh biggest business house in the United States. It dealt with ‘natural gas pipeline’ and was based in Houston. It filed for bankruptcy in the year 2001. The company was charged with security related frauds. It was noted that the employees and retirement accounts lost hundreds of millions of Dollars, when the stock price of Enron dropped from its height of US$105 to few cents and subsequently the company was de-listed by NASDAQ (Healy & Papelu, 2003). The company made use of complex and dubious accounting schemes in order to minimise its tax payments, to increase its income and profits, to increase its stock price and credit rating, to conceal losses in ‘off-balance-sheet subsidiaries’ and to falsely manipulate Enron’s financial condition in public reports (Munzig, 2003). In addition to hurting the confidence of the investors and generating questions regarding the continuity of a deregulated energy market, the crumple of Enron has hurried a complete re-examination of both the accounting industry as well as many other components of the corporate governance in America (Dembinski & et. al., 2006). It was noted that the company violated accounting standards that necessitated at least three percent of the company’s assets to be possessed by independent equity investors. By violating this requirement, the company was capable to evade the merging of these ‘special purpose entities’. Due to these, the balance sheets of Enron devalued its liabilities and exaggerated its equity and earnings. The company focused on minimum disclosure in relation to special purpose entities (Munzig, 2003). Role of Auditors in Enron’s Case The most significant question surrounding the Enron’s case is that how the Enron’s problem could remain hidden for such a long time. Most of the accusations for failing to realise Enron’s problem has been consigned to the auditor of the company, Arthur Andersen and to the ‘sell-side’ forecasters whose main duty was to work for brokerage, research firms and investment banking (Munzig, 2003). Role of External Auditors The external auditor of Enron, Arthur Andersen was blamed for practicing lax standards in their audits due to conflict of interest over consulting fees that was created by

Communication plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication plan - Essay Example that communication with parents is essential if a student is to succeed and, as a new teacher, I feel that I need the suggestions and support of parents and, thus, need a good communications method with students’ parents. Firstly, I plan to keep an email list that shall be updated with email addresses of my students’ parents. The parents will be emailed weekly concerning the covered lessons, as well as those to be covered, work that their children may be missing that is required for grading, upcoming tests, and assignments as I feel that this is essential in the education system. I also feel that this will afford the parents an opportunity to give feedback and students with regards to various issues through email. Studies have reported that students, parents, and teachers are in support of this communication plan (Petrina 17). I also plan to create a class website that parents and students can visit, as well as learn more concerning our class and make suggestions and responses. A class website is useful when communicating with the school community since the community will be able to learn about the class and understand how my students are going about their education. The website will be connected to the school website, which will, however, be dependent on the manner that the school website manages its website. Since there could be parents that are not comfortable with website connections and using email, important events and issues should be explained through the use paper communication. The school could also help by giving training sessions to the parents in order to familiarize them recent technology within the community and the school (Cennamo 238). Personally, as a new teacher, communication with other administrators and teachers will be beneficial in seeking to help in class management and solving upcoming problems. Being part of the school’s network could aid in peering with the other teachers in reflection and collaboration, in practice development,

History of Tourism | Comparing Past Tourism to Today

History of Tourism | Comparing Past Tourism to Today In 1936, the League of Nations defined foreign tourists as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months. Since the human race existed they have been migrating, travelling all around to achieve different goals, religious purposes, sports, and other leisure activities, for better life, better facilities. In fact there can be hundred reasons for travelling. There cant be fixed and set date to determine when and where and how the first pilgrimage occurred but we can say people started travelling and moving back and forth since they were born. But if we look through the history then we see it happened in 5th and between 3rd millennia BC, when paganism was the culture and religion in the Europe. In the Christian world people have been travelling to Israel where Jesus was born and lived because they spiritually relate themselves to the holiness, and to the shrines of disciples. In the Muslim world the first pilgrimage occurred in 629-628 CE. And it was from Makkah to medina. (www.grand-tour.org) In the ancient times Hindus, Romans, Greeks have long been migrating, travelling for different reasons. So its not particularly related to any specific religion. Grand Tours: Grand Tour specifically means the travel taken by young, wealthy, privileged people for the purpose of education, enhancing their travelling experience to excel in their careers. Grand tours history dates back to the 18th century Britain when the British people and their country was the wealthiest on the face of the earth. So the wealthy people used to send their young kids on grand tours to different countries, mainly to Europe to enhance their experience to practical life and for the education related purposed as well. In Britain Thomas Coryats travel book Coryats Crudities(1611) was a great influence Grand Tour but it was the far more extensive tour through Italy as far as Naples undertaken by the Collector Earl of Arundel, together with his wife and children in 1613-14 that established the most significant precedent. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour Grand Tours was involving a period of year long, because in those times the means of travelling were so slow and because the term grand tour ventures more than one country so it used to take one year or more. As the time passed the means of travelling got so fast, challenging and more efficient the travelers went more far and far for more exotic places and countries. James Boswell was the most famous in this regard who kept all records in a journal of his travelling and other experiences during such Tour. The first Journal Grand Tour and was published in 1749 by Thomas Nugent. Regarding the professional Travel and tourism the first person to develop this idea was Thomas cook in 1850s he developed and then on he offered travel packages to all parts of the world. So this thing eventually made this effectively cheap and affordable for the middle class as well, as it was only affordable for rich people before. In 1867, Mark Twain had a European and Eastern Mediterranean Tour and sent back the dispatches to Alta California, which was a San Francisco paper. His dispatches were later published a book called The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims Progress. In 1873 at the age of 10 William Randolph Hearst took Grand Tour, travelled one and a half year with the habit of collecting. And his collections can be seen at Hearst Castle in USA. By the late 19th century, the Grand Tour had turned to be an American phenomenon because newly wealthy citizens related themselves to the heirs of the western traditions and they traced their cultural lineage from the Greece to the Roman Empire, European Renaissance. So during those times rich Americans would tour ancient cities of Mediterranean, great European cities as part of their Grand Tours. They felt so related and aspired by the Venices well-to-do merchants and traders who collected the wealth from around the world, loved the architecture. From 1960s the grand tour has taken a totally new shape all over again, students are travelling with backpacks and living in the youth hostels and travelling around. Because the means of transportation are increased to the maximum level, things are starting to slow down a little bit like the olden days, i.e. people again starting to find ships, cruises more lovely and enjoyable like olden days. (www.grand-tour.org) The Modern Tourism: The difference between modern and past tourism is that, modern tourism involves mass availability and mass participations in holidays. Modern travel involves a universal access to travel for individual in every part of the world with destination on an international scale. Modern tourism involves many different types each that in turn have had an impact on the transport means. The different types of tourism can be divided based on the tourists main interest of their trip. Tourism can involve one of the following; adventure, pleasure, sports, cultural, sports, study, incentive, research, professional and country. (www.exampleessays.com) Modern tourism is totally changed from the past because it has got vital modern tool which are high -tech and fast and they save a lot of time. So since the modern inventions have arrived such as, trains, airplanes, cruises, ships, roads, trains, they have changed the face of tourism tremendously. The whole scenarios have been changed. Travel has become cheap and within the access of everybody unlike the past where only rich and wealthy were the ones who were able to travel. Now the tourism has become faster, easier and cheaper and easier and there are more varieties in the forms of tourism then the past. Here we will discuss some of the modern historic developments that has helped modern tourism to take a whole new shape. Factors Facilitating Growth of the Travel and Tourism: The most important factors which are facilitating the travel and tourism and their growth are as follows: Sea Travel. Rail Travel. Air Travel. Sea, air and rail have been playing an important part in the growth of travel and tourism. With these factors the tremendous growth and increase in travel and tourism have become possible. Trains: In the past traveling was so slow, it was taking months and years to travel but since the invention of the trains it has become far easier and faster to move around and its one of the most enjoyable way of traveling among the tourists. The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport. Ships and Cruises: The first boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes, developed independently by various Stone Age populations, and used for coastal fishing and travel. 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history The earliest boats were invented by Egyptians in 3100 BC, and then in 2700 BC they invented ships for trade. (www.localhistories.org) The age of sail, technically and formally speaking, is the period in which international trade and naval warfare were both dominated by sailing ships. The age of sail mostly coincided with the age of discovery, from the 15th to the 18th century 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history The modern cruises are the most modern addition to the sea travel. The cruises have casinos, swimming pools, playing fields, dance venues or we can say the provide almost all the facilities like any high class hotel. Traveling through cruise has become posh and very fashionable and people are being drawn more towards the traveling through cruises. Air Travel The first hovercraft was launched in 1959. The first hovercraft passenger service began in 1962. In 1919 aero planes began carrying passengers between London and Paris. Jet passenger aircraft were introduced in 1949. However in the early 20th century flight was a luxury few people could afford. Furthermore only a small minority could afford foreign travel. Foreign holidays only became common in the 1960s. The Boeing 747, the first Jumbo jet was introduced in 1970 and The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994. (www.localhistories.org) Since the invention of the aero planes the humans have traveled to even those parts of the world where traveling was literally, virtually was almost impossible. Current and future Trends and Development in the travel and tourism sector. In the travel and tourism sector with the modern hi-tech technology, faster means of communications, faster means of transportations, modernized approach in every part of the travel and tourism industry from travelling to hospitality to accommodation everything has become faster and more sophisticated. And in the recent years there has been huge rise in the sector. And the future trend is going up as well. Poetry: History And Origins Of Poetry: History And Origins Of Literature is as old as history of the man itself. Over the past few decades, the role of literature in language learning teaching has been subject to variations. However, literature was excluded from language teaching programme owing to many reasons. The common among these was it structural complexity and its unique use of language. As, literature reflects cultural perspective which is difficult to conceptualize by foreign language students, therefore, it is uninteresting for them. Literature is being considered to be an integral part of any language teaching and learning programme. Language and literature are inseparable. The inclusion of literature in language teaching and learning can bring a fresh breeze into the dry and mechanical task of language learning and teaching. Inge (1970) says, Literature flourishes best when it is half trade and half an art. Literature makes language learning enjoyable because it does not only provide a genuine context for communication, but it also gives pleasure by engaging emotions. Therefore, it motivates and stimulates the language learner. Stop ford A. Brooke (1970) says, Literature is something that gives pleasure to the reader. Moreover, literature has different genres like plays, essays, short stories and poetry. The major focus is on the poetry. Before it, here is a definition on literature. Oscar Wilde (1970) says, Literature is something that is to be written not to be read. In early period, conventional blocks were linked together. According to agreed rules, we can observe much in folk song where the old method was never discontinued. Blave argues that by the end of mediaeval period, literature had been written in English for hundreds of years and it was seen that there is no existence of knowledge of previous literature and language. English appeared to be a language without a past and with a literature that was always modern. Hence words could not attract to themselves those associations linked with known literary works or linguistic origins. English words were insubstantial things which had to be given meanings by many devices such as repetition. 2.2. Poetry: Poetry grasps students attention, its format and style is different as compared to the ordinary run of literary texts. Other than this, poetry is one of the most ancient and widespread of the (literary) arts. Poetry is an important genre in English literature. In poetry, we find fantasized, imaginative world. Here are definitions: Eliot (1970) says, Poetry is the imagination that presents its subject with clarity, precision and economy of language. Sidney (1970) says, All the imaginative literature is poetry. Poems are at times better to use in the classroom because they are briefer and more compact than essays or even short stories. Coleridge (1970) says, The best words in the best order Poetry helps the readers to become more intensive reader and most jobs today still call for some close reading and clear writing. Poetry also reflects the culture of a society to a great extent. It also acts as a mirror of the changing times of a country. Taking the poetry of Pakistan for example, we can get clear picture of the changing viewpoints which are going on in Pakistan at that times. Poetry is used all around the world for teaching and learning purpose. Simple English poems are rich in suggestive, colourful and associative word and expressions which speak subtly different messages to different people. Each personal meaning found in the poem is shared, exchanged, negotiated, reinforced, valued, or loosed in the process of interacting freely, safely, funnily with others findings. There are different meanings to understand poetry. But here, the focus is only on the connotative meaning. 2.3. History / Origin of Poetry: Poetry is not very popular these days. This is an obvious fact for poets, teachers of poetry and poetry-lovers. A different kind of poetry is very much alive today in the forms of popular music lyrics and raps and in jingles but for advertisement and for political purposes. These forms are mostly kept in listeners memories due to the commercial pressures. But many of these forms clearly depend on music or on the interaction of words and music,or on the additional qualities of performance in order to succeed because the written texts may be uninteresting and may miss the special points made by the interaction of music and words in performance. In literary poetry, since the beginning of the twentieth century, practice has shifted away from audible rhythm and towards free verse. For a few decades, while the traditions of rhythm were still active in minds of readers, the free verse of Eliot Pound, Williams and H.D. and the syllabic verse of Marianne Moore could be received as experiments in new sorts of rhythm, reactions toward or against conventions of meter, defamiliarizing the real rhythms of spoken word. The notion of meter in written poetry has vanished from the public memory so there is no interest in written poetry for general readership. This shift founds in the history of western poetry towards the effacement of the bodily pleasure that is experienced in the regular, musical rhythm of meter and towards the meaningful poetry as act of communication. Anthony Easthope (1983) has described the history of this trend within the frame work of the ascendancy of bourgeois culture and of individual subjectivity. The argument of Easthope is deep and compelling and Amittai F. Auiram has been as having something of a complementary relation with it. But Easthope emphasizes the revolutionary aspects of modernism in poetry and sees poet like pound as reversing and breaking the trend towards bourgeois subjectivity, Avirain sees pounds abandonment of traditional forms, his insistance on the rhythm of each line representing the sense as only a continuation of that very trend. In short, it is attend away from poetry toward prose, narrative or exposition; away from the rhythmic pleasures of the body and towards its repression in social discourse; away from the runs subjective effect of rhythm and toward individual expression, socially constructed, as in pound, than self begins to reach the limits of its own undoing. The trend from poetry toward pro se should be seen within the context of a theory of poetry but has become especially prominent in modern times as society has shifted what toward the importance of information in its material life. Thing are not valuable for the physical adventures they offer so much a for what they mean in the most reductive sense, for example, how much they cost, what they are worth on the market. For twenty five year T.S Eliot exercised an authority in the literary world not posses by any writer before him for more than a century. Bu the end of 1920s his poetry was an escapable influence on younger poets and his criticism shaped their word and he was pared by many authors. Twenty year later, the waste land was still widely regarded as the most radical and brilliant development of modernist poetry. An important point is that one must have seen the ages of 1940s and 1950s in which Eliots literary terms and judgments were cited frequently and respectfully. Moreover, Christian ideology was unattractive to many scholars in England and the united states. Thus Eliot was seen as a central poet in the future development of poetry and no poet can compete him. Poetry Strategies: Understanding modern poetry requires an understanding of the following: (1) Free Verse Most modern poems are written in free verse. Free verse has no fixed meter and no fixed line length or stanzas. The poet decides where the line should break based on how the poem should look on the page or where a natural break occurs. (2) Literal and Symbolic meanings The literal meaning of modern poetry often reflects everyday life. They everyday scenes are full of symbolic meaning. (3) Diction Modernism is a deliberate break forms that characterized traditional poetry. Whereas traditional verse relied on formal language, modern poetry uses informal, everyday speech. Understanding of Poetry: English language includes numerous words that main virtually the same thing. Each and every word has a slightly different pattern of sound and shade of meaning that will create a certain individual effect on the reader. As a result, the reader has the power of word choice. The sound of a word can be very important to the mood you are establishing in a poem. For example, compare these two separate stanzas. The old man wrenched His sack of guts And hacked a cough The senior detected A murmur In his intestines We should be able to hear how the hard sounds of the first stanza contrast with the softer sounds of the second. The sound also have a great effect on the meaning and the melody of each live. The old man in the first stanza seems to be in a much worse state than the senior in the second stanza. The words hacked and cough echo the hard sound of the mans coughing while the words murmur and intestines in second example reduce the seniors illness to minor discomfort. Connotation: Connotations are ideas that are associated with a word. These associations go beyond the dictionary definition. The word snake for example, may be defined as a member of the reptile family but this word has many associations like someone or something that is dangerous, low down or slimy. In addition to having a connotation, some words have a symbolic significance due to past associations. For example, as a result of the Garden of Eden story, a snake is associated with evil, especially an evil tempter. In western literature and everyday usage, animals and colors have often been used as symbols, as have the reasons of year, times of day, geographic terrain, natural elements and natural and man-made objects. Connotations are the overtones of word, their vibrations good or bad. Connotation is also to denotation as the figurative is to the literal. Connotation represents the things that a person associates with a word. There are different kinds of meaning in English language. But there are two major kind of meaning to understand the poems or stanzas. These are denotative meaning and connotative meaning. Denotative meaning is a primary meaning of a word. For instance, bread is an edible made up of flour, yeast, water and so on. On the other hand, connotative meaning is a secondary meaning of a word as well as symbolic meaning of a word and cultural dimensions. Bread is a word that is used for money and it is the staff of life. It is through a piece of writing that a person discovers the intention of the writer. Tone controls how a person reads a words denotative and connotative values. Connotation refers to the feeling or images a word evokes in the reader. Students are better able to recall any vocabulary term if they can make a personal association with it. Connotation means what may be differentiated from the former as suggested, implicit or intimated meaning. The following term describes the concept of connotation/denotation that was explained by justice Windeyer in the Queen V. commonwealth Conciliation Arbitration Commission; ex parte Professional Engineers Association: In interpreting the Constitution, we must not restrict the denotation of its terms to the things they denoted in 1900. The words denotation becomes enlarged as new things falling with in its connotation comes into existence or becomes known. But the connotation or connotations of its words should remain constant in the interpretation of the constitution. Words would have borne in 1900 so we are not to give word a different meaning from any meaning. Law is to be accommodated to changing facts. It is not to be changed as language changes. The dictionary helps a lot to see a series of meaning that a word has acquire since it inception. These meanings are the words connotations. When words have several connotations, a person must rely upon its context to derive its meaning. For example, the word blue has gathered different connotations. First, blue refers to the color. There are also dress blues, a term referring to a military uniform. Blue can also mean depressed or melancholy and it also means the musical genre. The word blue also appears in the common expression blue in the face and out of the blue. So, a word blue ha quite a lot of meaning packed into it. Many other word carry a list of connotative meanings as well. A port is better able to learn as many connotative meanings as possible by using words with several meanings in his poetry. He can broaden the scope of his work and can also help the reader to reach a more diverse population. 2.7. History of Connotation: In medieval literature, there are two major sources of connotation that are native and foreign. The former refers to potential associations inherent in words due to their Germanic pagan links and the latter to the associations which learned loanwords bring in the train. Alliterative revival which led to a different vocabulary being used in each period, naÃÆ'Â ¯ve connotations for word in Middle English are difficult to detect. So to consider the possibility of native connotation it is better to take the Anglo-Saxon period. It is closer to the Germanic background in time, and it literature seems to spring from a more unified cultural tradition than that from the middle English period. We are left on individual word which may have connotations. Many of the words used in old English poetry are Germanic stock and as such they may have carried pagan heroic connotations with them. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was believed that old English poetry was essentially Germanic and heroic in spirit so the words of the poems were interpreted as though they carried pagan connotations. It was seen that pagan connotations for Anglo-Saxon words are replaced by Latin ones. It is easier to prove a Christian Latin association than a pagan heroic one, on one ride because of the nature of Latin language and on other because no pagan Germanic poetry survives. 2.8. Importance of Connotation: The words connotative meanings dont explain themselves for systematic explanation but they are generally work on particular words that surround them. E.g. Everybody knows that good is used to describe the high quality, positive, approved of or appreciated things. But it has also some additional meanings. In an utterance such a shes rally a good person, It connotes someone who is generous, kind, thoughtful, honest and reliable. When we say shes a really good student, the connotation shifts in the direction of brought, motivated, hardworking, organized, cooperative and so on. For describing good story, the word good means interesting or involving. In other words, what makes a person good is not the same set of qualities that makes a student good, or a story good. And of course, good does not mean good at all in a sarcastic tone. A good dictionary can be of some help here. It provides guidance to the teacher as well a extensive and intensive experience with texts. It is finally by seein g and hearing words in actual contexts of use and by assimilating other words. It means that learners will be able to seek their connotative meanings. And hearing is important. Knowledge of a languages sound system is really necessary in speech and is also essential in reading particularly in reading of poetry. Connotations are changing the course of history and of human knowledge. It will point out the relation between connotation and designation. It has seen that if the people behave in a way that makes for fame or infamy, the names acquire decided connotations. And if the names are used very much in contexts the emphasize this connotation than these connotations become so slandered that the proper names can become general terms. Thus the boarder line between connotation and designation is neither sharp nor static. Poetry is the best place to study word connotation. For practical purposes, we should view the advertisements (good or bad) for cruder and simpler examples. For instance, in industrial products, we should keep in mind key word in advertising slogans and note connotation. What is meant by injunction to be a Dawn Girl to have that creamy look to wear a Danto Sweet Smile to develop an English complexion? These terms may designate and it is their connotation. There are good reasons for this. May be that car, hair lotion and whiskey actually does have, not only the characteristics designated but also the characteristics connoted. For a complicated study, it is instructive to look among advertisements for terms with a scientific connotation and this term carry with them on intimation that the product is result of laboratory research or approved by a doctors. The impression that a word gives beyond its defined meaning, refers to connotation. Connotations may be universally understood or may be significant only to a certain group. Both horse and steed denotes the same animal, but steed has a different connotation that it deriving from romantic narratives in which the word was often used. 2nd example about the word home, it means that the place where one lives, but by connotation, it suggests security, family, love and comfort. Consonance occurs is poetry when words appearing at the ends of two or more verses have similar final consonant sounds but have final vowel sound that differ, as with stuff and off words and images that might be used in poems hold meanings, feelings and Connotations which might provoke different clues that people find but it does not mean that a person is exactly saying about a poem. The personal response is important in understanding the literary judgment and close analysis of text. Role of Connotation: Connotation meaning refers to the features of word and it also refers to ones reaction to it, that is its emotional content. For example, A nastier connotation has seen in the word slimy rather than a word silky. The following are described the two line of poetry, one being a denotatively equivalent but connotatively contrasting version of the other. Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness. (Ode to Autumn, Keats) Time of fog and ripe productivity (after, Wallwork, 1969) There is nothing objectively poetic about word like mists or mellow but we have a strong experience of these words. It is difficult to remember that their sweet and pleasant sound qualities are only created by social evaluation. Words can measure and represent their connotative meaning. An idea related to the denotative and connotative meaning of words is category and function shift. This heft occurs when words did not have development previously but now they are used. For example, the word paper began as a noun, it means the sheet of pressed plant fibers you write upon. Then it acquired verb capabilities for use in a sentence e.g., He will paper her mirror with love notes. Paper can also be used as an adjective, such as in the phrase paper plate. The word paper changed categories from noun to verb to adjective without changing spelling. It changed functions too because nouns, verbs and adjectives play different roles in sentences. For romantic poets, poetic meter performs a similar function like the purely formal element of poetry. It can either provide clear, denotative meaning or it can carry follow well known techniques for conveying the connotative meaning. This element follows patterns of compositional practice, convention and deliberate effect and carriers with it patterns of implicit connotation similar to those perceived in absolute music. Wordsworth most famous work on poetics, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, demonstrates not only his concerns about these contractual conditions but also his conception of their meaning. He also insisted on writing the theoretical Preface. He felt that his readers might accuse him of breaking the unspoken agreement of comprehensibility between the poet and his readers. His attempt to deflect criticism for Prosaisms, places where poetry becomes too much like prose, demonstrates this anxiety most clearly. Winters describes poetic theory, its concision, lyric but he explains that poetry is the highest linguistic expression, in addition to the denotative aspects of words emphasized in forms of writing, poetry also makes particular use of connotative ones, the two together composing the total content of language. The purpose of poetry is to describe experience as precisely as possible connotation in poetry acquires a moral dimension and to preserve clarity, connotation or feeling must be carefully controlled. Levels of brain to understand connotation: When reading a poem by a person, the brain works on several different levels: It responds to the sounds It responds to the words themselves and their connotations It responds to the emotions It responds to the learning of the world. Poetry becomes a good source of learning through this process. It helps how to read literature in general. All the other genres have elements of poetry within them. Learn how to read poetry in a good way and it is the only way to become a more accomplished reader. Emily Dickinson who claimed that reading a book of poetry (by a poet) made her feel as if they top of {her} head were taken off. Study of Meaning of Context Clues: There are many methods for findings word meaning. The method of studying word meaning which is described under this heading is by using context clues. Context refers to the words and ideas in the text surrounding a word. This text elaborates clues to the meaning of individual words. Context also helps to understand how meaning of the word is being used according to the authors point of view. Meanings of the words may be denotative and connotative. Denotative meaning is often found in dictionary definitions but connotative meaning of the words has both positive and negative effect on the word meaning. Look at the example: the words demure and Prim both have same meaning that is shy. However, Prim has negative connotation of being strict or remote. Demure has positive connotation of being sweet or innocent. It is also found that the additional meaning is part of the words contextual meaning. It appears as a result of the words correlation with others. Connotation is one of the key so the power of words. In a literary text, the most innocent looking word can achieve the most vivid connotations. One of the components of a words meaning is its emotive component. Emotive connotations are rendered by the emotional or expressive counter part of meaning. It is also very important to describe that affective connotations of a word can be within its romantic structure registered in its dictionary meaning. E.g: Fabulous, stunning, smart, terrific and the like have special emotive meaning fixed in dictionaries. E.g: Hes very rich. Hes fabulously rich. Many words hold an emotive meaning only in a definite context. In that case, we say that a word has a contextual emotive meaning. So, we can conclude that affective connotations of a word are peculiar to it either on the pragmatic or systematic level. 2.12. Role of connotation is culture and society: Different words have personal and cultural associations which can be subjective, contribute to their meaning. These additional meanings are known as connotations. We can also talk of affective, emotive, attitudinal or expressive meaning. In this example, we have seen that the word man has denotative meaning that is adult male human being but its connotations are virility, bravery and aggression. The personal and cultural aspects of the wor4d are brought in expressions like thats what I call a man! Or act like a man but the man where refers to after doing brave deed, it means that connotations of word may differ according to the society in which the people use it. For example connotation of the word police means reliability, helpfulness, friendliness and protection while some persons in a society take it as harassment, arrests, aggression, obstruction and injustice etc. it is necessary to define the terms when we translate. The people have different awareness about the political term like labour, depending on the politic of individual. Connotations are difficult to understand than denotation and much more variable and culture bound. For example snow may appear beautiful who have never seen it but the people who live in cold countries where the snow is falling. So the word snow have negative connotation according to this context. The Dog is in western society as a mans best friend but for Arabs and Hindus this animal take as a pet. For the pareses, people take dog as a sacred animal. Words may have the same denotative meaning but the connotative meaning varies from person to person. For instance, woman and lady both denote adult female human being but the word lay has connotation of good breeding and social graces that are absent from women. Some words are always positive like generous, courtesy and masterpiece but others are always negative like rubbish, dirty, thief etc. the one thing is that negative words are not obviously negative but they are marked as derogatory or disparaging in dictionaries. Some words can be both positive and negative according to context. In English, the adjective inquisitive may take as a healthy desire to learn but on the other hand, it takes as an unhealthy or annoying keenness to pry. The word respite is a Spanish word which means on one side respect and on the other hand, it means fear. Translators and language learners should know about the different connotations according to the context 2.13. Connotative meaning through language and culture: Language and culture are deeply interrelated with each other. Language is the vehicle of cultural manifestation. Some words have different motions and cultural values in different languages. That is to say, Many foreign words which appear to have an equivalent basic meaning in the learners L1 are nevertheless different because of their different connotations. (Laufer, 1990, p.582). Lado (1972) defines these words as culturally loaded words Lexical totems which have similar primary meaning but widely different connotations in two languages (p. 285). For example the word old means people are addressed so old in English but in Chinese, this word take as old + surname of surname + old. This is the difficult area of vocabulary acquisition as the tendency of the learner will to transfer the L1 connotation in to L2 (Laufer, 1990, p. 582). English and Chinese are two different languages because these two languages show two distinct culture and ideologies. Chinese culture values harmony, tradition, authority, group solidarity etc while western cultures value individualism, uniqueness, creation, adventure etc. (Jia Yuxin, 1997). Different political and social system through Chinese and western cultures have different understandings of certain political and ideological issues. Moreover, English is neither an official language nor a lingua franca in china. Chinese EFL learners find it difficult to access the cultural aspect of English. They have few chances to communicate with native speaker of English. Liu Zhong (1999) conducted the study of show that certain words have different cultural connotations in Chinese and English. Such as old, propagandas etc. they tested Chinese EFL learners to see whether their judgment on word used in a specific English context is proper or not and their studies pointed out the Chinese learners perception of whether a word is used properly with specific English contexts deviated from that of native speakers of English. 2.14. Emotional meaning of connotation: Connotations also provide emotional power to the word so much that people will fight and die for them. G.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards were the first scholars to consider the misunderstandings that result from the failure of communicators to know that their subjective reactions toward will be a product of their life experience. For example, Mellissas dog dies and she tells Trish about it. Trishs understanding of a massage depends on the feelings of him about pet and death. Mellissa who sees dogs as truly friends, may be intending to communicate her extreme grief. Trish who has never had a pet and doesnt especially care of pets in general or dogs in particular, may miss the emotional meaning that Mellissa has. For this reason, Connotations can be used effectively to increase the emotional appeal to your message. Language also serves as a bridge between human being and the word of sense data. The denotative meaning of the word snake is the perception of the sense data that makes up the sn ake. The connotative meaning of the expression Look! A Snake! is described according to the perception of Mellissa and her grandfather. This expression which they both shared, was a bridge between Mellissas perception and her grandfather. If they did not speak the same natural language then she wouldnt share the connotative meaning of the word snake. Since they do share in the conventional connotative meaning of the expression, she can cross over to he grandfathers perceptual word by using it. Words serve as connotative bridges. Mellissa and her grandfather were unsuccessful in seeking a visual perception of the snake. So words are also denotative bridges. They connect us with real things by means of understanding and processing sense data. 2.15. Connotation in semiotic modes: The term connotation is used in so many ways. John Stuart Mill described words that have different meanings but he focused on two kinds of meaning. For instance, the word white, firstly, denotes the class of white things or as snow or paper or the foam of sea. But its abstract concept has connotative meaning like whiteness, virtue etc. the most importance approach in semiotics has been that of Roland Barites, who was a key player in Paris school structuralist semiotics of the 1690s and 1970s. Barthes argued that different ways of expressing the same concept can have different meanings because the same concept can be expressed in different languages. He developed his approach to denotation and connotation not in relation to language and applied the term connotation to semiotic modes other than language. 2.16. Role of vocabulary in understating connotative meaning: Lexis lexical phrases have come to play a very important role in language teaching learning. Lexis has become more important than structures teacher have noticed that if a person does not know certain words and expression he/she will find it very difficult to express what he/she wishes to say. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using worng words not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often led to misunderstanding may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax.(Carter 1987 : 145) Taylor (1990 : 1 ) emphasized the essentiality of vocabulary knowledge. In order to live in the world, we must name it. Names are essential for the